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Qian Zhongshu (November 21, 1910 – December 19, 1998) was a Chinese literary scholar and writer, known for his wit and erudition. He is best known for his satirical novel ''Fortress Besieged''. His works of non-fiction are characterised by their large amount of quotations in both Chinese and Western languages (including English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Latin).〔C.f. ''Indices to Guan Zhui Bian and Tanyi Lu'' (T: 管錐編談藝錄索引, S: 管锥编谈艺录索引), compiled by Lu Wenhu, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1990.〕 He also played an important role in digitizing Chinese classics late in his life.〔 (文化傳信集團電子漢文史資料庫建設透視 ), 劉聖清、李士燕, 人民網.〕 ==Life== Most of what is known about Qian's early life relies on an essay written by his wife Yang Jiang.〔 ("On Qian Zhongshu and the ''Fortress Besieged''" ) (T: 記錢鍾書與《圍城》, S: 记钱锺书与《围城》), 1985, collected in ''Yang Jiang's Selected Prose'' (T: , S: ), Hangzhou: Zhejiang Literary Press, 1994.〕 Born in Wuxi, Qian Zhongshu was the son of Qian Jibo (T: , S: ), a conservative Confucian scholar. By family tradition, Qian Zhongzhu grew up under the care of his eldest uncle, who did not have a son. Qian was initially named Yangxian ( "respect the ancients"), with the courtesy name Zheliang ( "sagacious and upright"). However, when he was one year old, according to a tradition practised in many parts of China, he was given a few objects laid out in front of him for his "grabbing". He grabbed a book. His uncle then renamed him Zhongshu, literally "being fond of books", and Yangxian became his intimate name. Qian was a talkative child. His father later changed his courtesy name to Mocun (), literally "to keep silent", in the hope that he would talk less. Both Qian's name and courtesy name predicted his future life. While he remained talkative when talking about literature with friends, he kept silent most time on politics and social activities. Qian was indeed very fond of books. When he was young, his uncle often brought him along to tea houses during the day. There Qian was left alone to read storybooks on folklore and historical events, which he would repeat to his cousins upon returning home. When Qian was 10, his uncle died. He continued living with his widowed aunt, even though their living conditions worsened drastically as her family's fortunes dwindled. Under the severe teaching of his father, Qian mastered classical Chinese. At the age of 14, Qian left home to attend an English-speaking missionary school in Suzhou, where he manifested his talent in language. Despite failing in mathematics, Qian was accepted into the Department of Foreign Languages of Tsinghua University in 1929 because of his excellent performance in Chinese and English languages. At Tsinghua, Qian earned the admiration of many prominent scholars, but rarely socialized and was considered arrogant by his peers; one of his few friends was the budding Sinologist and comparatist Achilles Fang.〔Kelly, Jeanne and Nathan K. Mao. "Afterword." ''Fortress Besieged''. By Qian Zhongshu. Tr. Kelly and Mao. New York: New Directions Publishing, 2004.〕 Qian also frequently cut classes, though he more than made up for this in Tsinghua's large library, which he boasted of having "read through."〔 It was probably in his college days that Qian began his lifelong habit of collecting quotations and taking reading notes. At Tsinghua, Qian met his wife, Yang Jiang, who was to become a successful playwright and translator; they married in 1935. For the biographical facts of Qian's following years, the two memoirs by his wife can be consulted.〔Yang Jiang, tr. Howard Goldblatt, ''Six Chapters from My Life "Downunder"'', Seattle: University of Washington Press; Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1984; Yang Jiang, ''We Three'' (T: , S: ), Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2003.〕 Yang Jiang wrote, "Zhongshu's 'foolishness' could not be contained in books, but just had to gush forth'".〔Yang Jiang, tr. Jesse Field, "On Qian Zhongshu and ''Fortress Besieged''." ''Renditions: A Chinese English Translation Magazine'' 76 (Autumn 2011), 91.〕 In that same year, Qian received government sponsorship to further his studies abroad. Together with his wife, Qian headed for the University of Oxford in Britain. After spending two years at Exeter College, Oxford, he received a ''Baccalaureus Litterarum'' (Bachelor of Literature).〔His thesis is called "China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century", collected in Adrian Hsia (ed.), ''The Vision of China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1998.〕 Shortly after his daughter Qian Yuan (T: , S: ) was born, he studied for one more year in the University of Paris in France, before returning to China in 1938, in which year he was, as an exception, appointed a professor at Tsinghua University at the age of 28. Owing to the unstable situation during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Qian did not hold any long-term jobs until the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949. However, he wrote extensively during the decade. In 1949, Qian was ranked on the list of National First-class Professors (T: , S: ) and commenced his academic work in his Alma Mater. Four years later, an administrative adjustment saw Tsinghua changed into a science and technology-based institution, with its Arts departments merged into Peking University (PKU). Qian was relieved of teaching duties and worked entirely in the Institute of Literary Studies (T: , S: ) under PKU. He also worked in an agency in charge of the translation of Mao Zedong's works for a time. During the Cultural Revolution, like many other prominent intellectuals of the time, Qian suffered persecution. Appointed to be a janitor, he was robbed of his favorite pastime, reading. Having no access to books, he had to read his reading notes. He began to form the plan to write ''Guan Zhui Bian'' (T: , S: ) during this period. Qian and his wife and daughter survived the hardships of Cultural Revolution, but his son-in-law, a history teacher, was driven to suicide. After the Cultural Revolution, Qian returned to research. From 1978 to 1980, he visited several universities in Italy, the United States and Japan, impressing his audience with his wit and erudition. In 1982, he was instated as the deputy director of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He then began working on ''Guan Zhui Bian'', which occupied the next decade of his life. While ''Guan Zhui Bian'' established his fame in the academic field, his novel ''Fortress Besieged'' introduced him to the public. ''Fortress Besieged'' was reprinted in 1980, and became a best-seller. Many illegal reproductions and "continuations" followed. Qian's fame rose to its height when the novel was adapted into a TV serial in 1990. Qian returned to research, but escaped from social activities. Most of his late life was confined to his reading room. He consciously kept a distance from the mass media and political figures. Readers kept visiting the secluded scholar, and the anecdote goes that Qian asked an elderly British lady, who loved the novel and phoned the author, "Is it necessary for one to know the hen if one loves the eggs it lays?" Qian entered a hospital in 1994, and never came out. His daughter also became ill soon after, and died of cancer in 1997. On December 19, 1998, he died in Beijing. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Qian Zhongshu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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